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| plump blonde , fat bottomed girls lyrics , crestor, stiff, flaxseed oil, syndrome, strains and sprains, fatty streak , ban (law), oralhealth, wiley, | Another potential antiatherogenic mechanism of omega-3 fatty acids is their interference with the arachidonic acid cascade that generates a wide variety of eicosanoids (reviewed by Uauy et al96). unsaturated EPA not only can replace arachidonic acid in phospholipid bilayers, but it is also unsaturated a competitive inhibitor of cyclooxygenase, reducing the production of the 2-series prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and prostacyclins and the 4-series leukotrienes. The 3- and 5-series (respectively) produced from EPA are generally unsaturated less biologically active. DHA, although not a direct inhibitor of arachidonic acid metabolism, nevertheless can inhibit platelet aggregation by reducing the affinity of platelet TxA2/PGH2 receptor for its ligand.97 The net effects of omega-3 fatty acids are thus to reduce inflammatory processes, vasoconstriction, and platelet aggregation, all known to be antiatherogenic. Some studies have shown that omega-3 fatty acids may increase the susceptibility of LDL to oxidation,98,99 whereas others have not.100–102 |
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| Abe et al (1998)90 reported a 9% reduction flaxseed oil in soluble ICAM-1 and a 16% reduction in soluble E-selectin but not in soluble VCAM-1 in hypertriglyceridemic subjects receiving 3.4 g/d of highly purified omega-3 fatty acid ethyl esters for 7 to 12 months. There is also in vitro evidence that DHA reduces endothelial expression of VCAM-1 and the expression of E-selectin, ICAM-1, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8 in stimulated cells.91,92 On the other hand, a study in male smokers with hyperlipidemia showed that six flaxseed oil weeks of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation (4.8 g/d) increased soluble forms flaxseed oil of E-selectin and VCAM-1.93 A subsequent study in coronary patients given supplemental omega-3 fatty acids (5.1 g/d for 6 months) found similar results.76 Fish oil also affects the metabolism of inflammatory mediators like the interleukins and tumor necrosis factor-,94 molecules also believed to play a role in atherogenesis and plaque stability.95 |
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