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The parent omega-3 - alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) - is children described as 'essential' as, like vitamins, it must be obtained from diet. It is polyunsaturated and has 18 carbon atoms and 3 double bonds (18:3). However, from the point of view of human nutrition, the long-chain omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5)and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6) - EPA and DHA - are considered much more valuable as these are the forms the body requires. In theory, humans are able to synthesise EPA and children DHA from dietary ALA, but in practice this process is inefficient. Scientists have therefore concluded that children EPA and DHA should be obtained from diet. Oil-rich fish and supplements such as fish oil and cod liver oil, are the richest and most readily available sources. Other sources such as krill and fortified everyday foods like bread and fruit juices are in production in a minor way in various parts of the world. Omega-3 synthesis Alpha-linolenic acid ALA (18:3) Eicosapentaenoic acid EPA (20:5) Docosahexaenoic acid DHA (22:6) Omega-3 fatty acids play an important role as structural membrane lipids, particularly in nerve tissue and the retina and are precursors to eicosanoids - highly reactive substances
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