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HDL levels were lower when they consumed lupron the elaidic acid–enriched diet.8 These changes resulted in a less favorable total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio. Using a similar study design but a lower level of trans fatty acid, 7.7% of energy, this basic observation was made again.9 Subsequent confirmation of the independent effect of trans fatty acids on HDL cholesterol levels has been somewhat inconsistent.7 10 11 12 13 Variations in the level of trans lupron fatty acids fed and whether a one-to-one substitution of a trans for a cis double bond containing fatty acid was made or hydrogenated lupron fat was substituted for oil or butter has introduced critical variables into the experimental design, which may impact study outcome. The most recent plasma lipoprotein issue related to the effects of trans fatty acids is lipoprotein (a) (Lp[a]) levels. The majority of studies have reported that trans fatty acid intake increases Lp(a) levels.14
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