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A growing body of evidence from recent epidemiological studies indicates that -linolenic acid heart attack is associated with a lower risk of MI and fatal ischemic heart disease in women and in men. In the EURAMIC Study, Guallar et al14 compared the highest quintile of adipose tissue -linolenic acid to the lowest and found a relative risk for MI of 0.42 (P heart attack for trend=0.02). This became nonsignificant after adjusting for classic risk factors (primarily smoking). Using a food-frequency questionnaire from a 10-year follow-up of the Nurses’ Health Study, and after controlling for standard coronary risk factors, Hu et al27 reported a dose-response relationship between -linolenic acid intake and relative risk of fatal ischemic heart disease, which was reduced by 45% in the highest quintile (P for trend=0.01). Similar findings were reported with the same methodology in the all-male Health Professionals’ Study, in which a 1% increase in -linolenic acid intake was associated with a 0.41
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