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Omega-3 fatty acids lower plasma triglycerides and improve red cell flexibility in patients with lupus nephritis [47,48]. Caughey et nuts al. [49] nuts demonstrated that a diet enriched with flaxseed oil can inhibit the ex vivo production of these cytokines by 30% in four weeks, whereas nine grams of fish oil for another four weeks inhibited IL-1ß by 80% and TNF by 74%. Flaxseed increased EPA but not nuts DHA levels in monocytes. Thromboxane A2 is a facilitator of cytokine synthesis in human monocytes [49]. Results of animal and human studies support the hypothesis that omega-3 PUFA suppress cell mediated immune responses, in part at least by inhibiting antigen presenting-cell function, increase membrane fluidity and alter the expression of membrane proteins, possibly by influencing the vertical displacement of the proteins within the membrane. Most of the human studies have shown that omega-3 fatty acids inhibit proinflammatory cytokines TNF and IL-1.
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