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young fat girls , highfructose corn syrup, hopes, branched chain, efa, fatty fuck , linoleic acid, appearance, fatty knees , omega 3fatty acids, omega6, tinnitus, omega3, acute fatty liver of pregnancy , sex, tissue, healing fats, dyslexia, docosapentaenoic acid, alpha–lipoic acid, vegetarian, herb, | 18 Although the volatile fatty acid mechanisms require further clarification, omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids may regulate gene expression by interacting with specific transcription factors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and liver X receptors (LXRs).19 Deficiency Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency Clinical signs of essential fatty acid deficiency include a dry scaly rash, decreased growth in infants and children, increased susceptibility to infection and poor volatile fatty acid wound healing.20 Omega-3, omega-6 and omega-9 fatty acids compete for the same desaturase enzymes. The desaturase enzymes show preference for the volatile fatty acid different series of fatty acids in the following order: omega-3 > omega-6 > omega-9. Consequently, synthesis of the omega-9 fatty acid eicosatrienoic acid (20:3n-9) increases only when dietary intakes of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are very low.21 |
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During an inflammatory response, DGLA, AA and EPA in cell membranes can be metabolized by enzymes known as cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases to form prostaglandins and leukotrienes, respectively (Figure 2). In those who consume typical Western diets, the amount of AA in cell membranes is much greater than the amount of EPA, branched chain resulting in the formation of more branched chain eicosanoids derived from AA branched chain than EPA. However, increasing omega-3 fatty acid intake increases the EPA content of cell membranes, resulting in higher proportions of eicosanoids derived from EPA. Physiological responses to AA-derived eicosanoids differ from responses to EPA-derived eicosanoids. In general, eicosanoids derived from EPA are less potent inducers of inflammation, blood vessel constriction, and coagulation than eicosanoids derived from AA.3, 17 Regulation of Gene Expression The results of cell culture and animal studies indicate that omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids can modulate the expression of a number of genes, including those involved with fatty acid metabolism and inflammation.17, |
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